- AKREDITASI A | SEKOLAH ADIWIYATA NASIONAL | SEKOLAH RAMAH ANAK | CISWA WIDYA CASTRA
PERSPEKTIF PENDIDIKAN MENURUT KI HADJAR DEWANTARA
PERSPEKTIF PENDIDIKAN MENURUT KI HADJAR DEWANTARA
Semboyan Ki Hadjar Dewantara :
Ing Ngarso Sung Tulodho
Ing Madya Mangun Karsa
Tut Wuri Handayani
Ki Hadjar Dewantara (KHD) membedakan kata Pendidikan dan Pengajaran dalam memahami arti dan tujuan Pendidikan. Menurut KHD, pengajaran (onderwijs) adalah bagian dari Pendidikan. Pengajaran merupakan proses Pendidikan dalam memberi ilmu atau berfaedah untuk kecakapan hidup anak secara lahir dan batin. Sedangkan Pendidikan (opvoeding) memberi tuntunan terhadap segala kekuatan kodrat yang dimiliki anak agar ia mampu mencapai keselamatan dan kebahagiaan yang setinggi-tingginya baik sebagai seorang manusia maupun sebagai anggota masyarakat. Jadi menurut KHD (2009), “pendidikan dan pengajaran merupakan usaha persiapan dan persediaan untuk segala kepentingan hidup manusia, baik dalam hidup bermasyarakat maupun hidup berbudaya dalam arti yang seluas-luasnya”.
Pendidikan adalah tempat persemaian benih-benih kebudayaan dalam masyarakat. KHD memiliki keyakinan bahwa untuk menciptakan manusia Indonesia yang beradab maka pendidikan menjadi salah satu kunci utama untuk mencapainya. Pendidikan dapat menjadi ruang berlatih dan bertumbuhnya nilai-nilai kemanusiaan yang dapat diteruskan atau diwariskan.
Ki Hadjar menjelaskan bahwa tujuan pendidikan yaitu: “menuntun segala kodrat yang ada pada anak-anak, agar mereka dapat mencapai keselamatan dan kebahagiaan yang setinggi-tingginya baik sebagai manusia maupun sebagai anggota masyarakat. Oleh sebab itu, pendidik itu hanya dapat menuntun tumbuh atau hidupnya kekuatan kodrat yang ada pada anak-anak, agar dapat memperbaiki lakunya (bukan dasarnya) hidup dan tumbuhnya kekuatan kodrat anak”
Dalam proses ‘menuntun’ anak diberi kebebasan namun pendidik sebagai ‘pamong’ dalam memberi tuntunan dan arahan agar anak tidak kehilangan arah dan membahayakan dirinya. Seorang ‘pamong’ dapat memberikan ‘tuntunan’ agar anak dapat menemukan kemerdekaannya dalam belajar.
KHD menjelaskan bahwa dasar Pendidikan anak berhubungan dengan kodrat alam dan kodrat zaman. Kodrat alam berkaitan dengan “sifat” dan “bentuk” lingkungan di mana anak berada, sedangkan kodrat zaman berkaitan dengan “isi” dan “irama”
KHD mengelaborasi Pendidikan terkait kodrat alam dan kodrat zaman sebagai berikut
“Dalam melakukan pembaharuan yang terpadu, hendaknya selalu diingat bahwa segala kepentingan anak-anak didik, baik mengenai hidup diri pribadinya maupun hidup kemasyarakatannya, jangan sampai meninggalkan segala kepentingan yang berhubungan dengan kodrat keadaan, baik pada alam maupun zaman. Sementara itu, segala bentuk, isi dan wirama (yakni cara mewujudkannya) hidup dan penghidupannya seperti demikian, hendaknya selalu disesuaikan dengan dasar-dasar dan asas-asas hidup kebangsaan yang bernilai dan tidak bertentangan dengan sifat-sifat kemanusiaan” (Ki Hadjar Dewantara, 2009, hal. 21)
KHD hendak mengingatkan pendidik bahwa pendidikan anak sejatinya melihat kodrat diri anak dengan selalu berhubungan dengan kodrat zaman. Bila melihat dari kodrat zaman saat ini, pendidikan global menekankan pada kemampuan anak untuk memiliki Keterampilan Abad 21 dengan melihat kodrat anak Indonesia sesungguhnya. KHD mengingatkan juga bahwa pengaruh dari luar tetap harus disaring dengan tetap mengutamakan kearifan lokal budaya Indonesia. Oleh sebab itu, isi dan irama yang dimaksudkan oleh KHD adalah muatan atau konten pengetahuan yang diadopsi sejatinya tidak bertentangan dengan nilai-nilai kemanusiaan.
Menurut KHD, budi pekerti, atau watak atau karakter merupakan perpaduan antara gerak pikiran, perasaan dan kehendak atau kemauan sehingga menimbulkan tenaga. Budi pekerti juga dapat diartikan sebagai perpaduan antara Cipta (kognitif), Karsa (afektif) sehingga menciptakan Karya (psikomotor). Sedih merupakan perpaduan harmonis antara cipta dan karsa demikian pula Bahagia.
Lebih lanjut KHD menjelaskan, keluarga menjadi tempat yang utama dan paling baik untuk melatih pendidikan sosial dan karakter baik bagi seorang anak. Keluarga merupakan tempat bersemainya pendidikan yang sempurna bagi anak untuk melatih kecerdasan budi-pekerti (pembentukan watak individual). Keluarga juga menjadi ruang untuk mempersiapkan hidup anak dalam bermasyarakat dibanding dengan pusat pendidikan lainnya.
Oleh Suhar,S.Pd (CGP Angkatan 4)
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